Schematic
Transcript: Exam 3 - Schematic Quinn Zellner-Smith Anna Suazo Research Design #1 One Group Posttest Only Design (One-Shot Case Study): "Administration of a posttest to a single group of participants after they have been given an experimental treatment condition". "We do not know how the participants would have performed without the presence of the independent variable on the dependent variable." "Lacks a treatment control group." "Rarely used by researchers." Problems with the design: One-group Pretest-Posttest Design: Research Design #2 "Treatment condition is interjected between a pretest and a posttest of the dependent variable". "There could be uncontrollable explanations for how the students performed on the questionnaire the second time (e.g. life experiences)". No control group Problems with the design: True Experiment: Research Design #3 "Requires at least two groups, one receiving an experimental treatment and one not. Requires the manipulation of at least one independent variable, the random assignment of participants to groups and the random assignment of treatments to groups". "Able to have more control over extraneous variables". "Control increases if the sample size is larger". Problems with the design: "Still are not completely sure that the groups are equivalent". "There is no pretest to determine if the randomization worked and statistical power decreases." Posttest Only Design W/ Nonequivalent Groups: Research Design #4 "Design in which the performance of an experimental group is compared with a nonequivalent control group at the posttest." "We still do not know if the independent variable is what caused the change in the dependent variable." Problems with the design: Nonequivalent Comparison/Control Group Design: Research Design #5 "Treatment and control group are predetermined by an existing independent variable and not random assignment." "Most common among the quasi-experimental designs." "The participants in each group are not equivalent because there is no random assignment, so there are uncontrollable variables, therefor there are rival hypotheses that could explain the results." Problems with the design: Interrupted Time Series Design: "A quasi-experimental design in which a treatment effect is assessed by comparing the pattern of pre and posttest scores for a single group of research participants." "Researcher gathers multiple measurements of the DV prior to the treatment and then several measurements of the DV after the treatment." "Better design than the one-group pretest posttest design." "The pre and posttest data should be graphed and then visually inspected." "Researcher must find a comparable control group and gather several pre and post test scores from them also." Research Design #6 ABA Design Research Design #7 3 Phases: A. Baseline B. Treatment "Usually continued for the same amount of time as the baseline or until a change is noticed." A. Baseline "Withdrawal: removal of the treatment condition" "Treatment is withdrawn and returned to the same condition as the baseline" "If the effects of the treatment are reversible, then the behavior should return to the way it was prior to the treatment." "Face moral and ethical issues by ending with baseline." "Reversal: if the results do not reverse, then the effectiveness of the treatment may be due to alternative hypotheses." "Some behaviors can not be reverted back to the baseline." Problems with the design: ABAB Design: Research Design #8 4 Phases A. Baseline B. Treatment: "Usually continued for the same amount of time as the baseline or until a change is noticed." A. Baseline: "Treatment is withdrawn and returned to the same conditions as the baseline." B. Treatment: "Treatment condition is reintroduced." Same problems as ABA Design Problems with this design: Multiple Baseline Design: "A single-case design in which the treatment condition is successively administered to several target participants, target outcomes, and target settings." "The change in the dependent variable should appear immediately after the treatment has been administered." Research Design #9 1. "Establish baseline measurement for all the participants, outcomes, or settings." 2. "After the behavior for each has become stable, introduce an intervention for one of them." 3. "Continue this process until each participant, outcome, or setting has received the treatment." Procedure Changing Criteria Design: Research Design #10 "A single-case design in which a participant's behavior is gradually shaped by changing the criterion for successive treatment periods." "Participant is required to "step-up" their performance on the DV." Procedures 1. "Baseline measurements of the DV." 2. "Treatment is introduced for the first time and the initial criterion is set." "The goal is to get the behavior to reach a certain criteria across multiple observations." 3. "Once the first criterion is achieved, move to the next criterion level." "Establish behavior at this level again across multiple