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Microbial Genetics

Transcript: Microbial Genetics -A Brief Introduction 24/11/2020 Introduction Introduction The internal makeover of any organism is important to understand how it continues successive generations, and how its metabolic machinery works. In Genetics, we further study the genetic differences of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are organisms that have no defined nucleus, and thus their reproduction process is quite simple. This group consists of Kingdom Monera; namely Bacteria. DNA Synthesis DNA Synthesis (Replication) Definition: DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part for biological inheritance. It is the first step in the process of continuation of generations. Importance: DNA is a blueprint of life. It stores, transfers, and expresses biological information within organisms. Therefore, maintaining its integrity is crucial for an organisms survival, including the simplest forms of life such as prokaryotes. Process (Step 1) PROCESS 1. Role of DNA Helicase: An enzyme, DNA Helicase, acts like a molecular scissor and separates or disassociates the two strands of DNA, splitting them into two separate strands, which become templates for replication. 2. DNA Polymerases: These are three enzymes namely DNA Polymerase I, II and III, out of which DNA Polymerase III is the main enzyme that catalyzes the replication of DNA strands and is relatively larger and more complex. While DNA Polymerase I play only a supportive role in replication and DNA Polymerase II is responsible for fixing any errors during replication. Special characteristics of DNA Polymerase III include its rapid replication rate (1000 nucleotides/ second) and inability to initiate or start DNA synthesis. 3. RNA Primer: An enzyme, Primase constructs a sequence of 10 RNA nucleotides that are complementary to parent DNA template. This Primer is responsible for initiation. DNA Polymerase III recognizes the primer and adds DNA nucleotides to the the primer. The RNA nucleotides are also replaced by DNA nucleotides. 4. Continuation: Another important thing to note is that DNA Polymerase III only adds DNA nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction of the DNA strand. As the two parent DNA strands are anti-parallel, the new strands are oriented in different directions, and we get two categories: Process (Step 2) 5. Leading Strand: It elongates towards the replication fork, thus DNA Polymerase III simply adds nucleotides to it's growing 3' end. 6. Lagging Strand: Since it elongates away from the replication fork, it is synthesized discontinously as short fragments known as Okazaki fragments. They are 1000-2000 nucleotides long in prokaryotes. Once the nucleotides reach the 5' end, an enzyme DNA Ligase connects the fragments. The process is continued, more of the parent strand is unwound and new DNA nucleotides are synthesized until two new complete daughter DNA strands are formed. DNA TRANSCRIPTION DNA Transcription Definition: The process in which an RNA copy of the parent DNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase is known as transcription. Importance: The goal of transcription is to make a RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. For a protein-coding gene, the RNA copy, or transcript, carries the information needed to build a polypeptide (protein or protein subunit). Important point to note is that prokaryotes have only one type of RNA Polymerase. Transcription is also the first step of gene expression. The RNA thus formed is known as Messenger RNA or mRNA. It is about thrice the length of the parent DNA. For example, a 1000 polypeptide DNA sequence requires a 3000 polypeptides mRNA. Process (Step 1) PROCESS 1. Template Strand: This stand, also known as antisense or anticoding strand, is the strand of DNA that is transcribed. 2. Coding Strand: The strand of DNA that isn't used in transcription is known as coding or sense strand. 3. Initiation: Transcription starts at a site in the DNA template strand known is DNA Polymerase Binding Site or Promoter. In prokaryotes, the two binding sites are TTGACA or -35 sequence and TATAAT or -10 sequence. These have affinity for the RNA Polymerase enzymes. 4. Sigma Factor: A subunit of RNA Polymerase known as Sigma Factor, is responsible for the correct initiation of transcription process. The DNA strands open up at the place where enzyme is attached to the template strand, forming transcription bubble. Once transcription starts, sigma factor is released and the rest of DNA Polymerase continues the transcription. Process (Step 2) 5. Elongation: The transcription bubble containing RNA Polymerase moves down the DNA, leaving a growing strand protruding from the bubble. 6. Termination: A unique set of stop sequences (which will be explained in the next topic) stop the transcription process. This is achieved by series of GC pairs followed by AT pairs. The RNA synthesized in this region forms a

Microbial Genetics

Transcript: People will develop more diseases as bacterias can mutate and be even more dangerous since there are no vaccines for it. And creating a vaccine for one person can take a months nor years if it succeeds. If creating a vaccine for one person is taking a long time how would it be if you are producing vaccines for billions of people. However, there are some bacterias that can help Importance Mutation (mutation) technology, gene recombination technology, gene replacement, amplification technology A series of genetic modification techniques such as Atractylodes macrocephala, transfer, recombination and modification of extrachromosomal genetic materials, and the structure and properties of some biological genetic materials (chromosomal DNA, RNA, plasmid DNA) Reasons: Found and confirmation : Screening and constructing transforming and degrading microorganisms, improving genetic stability of Engineering bacteria, providing more scientific, rapid, accurate and diverse environmental monitoring and assessment techniques, and helping to synthesize biococoa Screening and construction of transformed microorganisms Industry and Environment Microbial genetics will be helpful to increase these(antibiotics or medicine related to microbes) products productivity by microbial technology. This means that the health industry are earning heaps of money because of the fact that people are needing so much treatment and researches to be able to cure. Citations Microbial genetics is a branch of genetics that studies viruses, bacteria, small fungi, single-celled animals and plants.Microorganisms are good materials for genetic research because of their small size, short life cycle, rapid propagation on simple synthetic media, and the ability to process large numbers of individuals under the same conditions One is to use the traditional mutation breeding and cross breeding technology to screen and cultivate highly effective strains of microorganisms.The strains have been used in the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater, pesticide production wastewater and tailings wastewater, as well as in the removal of petroleum pollution and garbage degradation. Microbial Genetics Provide more scientific, fast, accurate and diverse environmental monitoring and environmental protection. Environmental assessment techniques In this field, biodegradable materials synthesized by microorganisms have attracted wide attention and have broad application prospects. For example, microbial fermentation is the main way to obtain biodegradable plastics at present. The materials needed for production in such techniques are obtained from the fermentation process of a particular microorganism, which is the fermentation product of a microorganism and a specific substrate. Relevant microbial genetic techniques help to screen, cultivate, domesticate and recombine engineered fermentation bacteria in such technologies, thereby introducing new metabolic pathways, synthesizing novel polymers, broadening the use of substrates, increasing production speed and reducing production costs. Selecting and construction the degradation and transformation.Microorganisms are good materials for genetic research because of their small size, short life cycle, rapid propagation on simple synthetic media, and the ability to process large numbers of individuals under the same conditions Health/Care and Diseases "Microbial Genetics." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Encyclopedia.com. 27 Aug.2018 <http://www.encyclopedia.com> Holmes, Randall K., and Michael G Jobling. “Medical Microbiology.” Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1996. Mori, Hirotada. “Microbial Genetics, Genomics, and Proteomics.” Bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com, BMC Microbiology, 2018. And because of the mutations of some bacterias, people are being detained in a hospital or they may be unfortunately dead because of lack of treatment (such as vaccine, if its rare) and time (ran out of time to research, create, and produce a vaccine). How is gonna effect: By: Ashyley Xu & Mercy Yagao Genetic code, transcription, translation,messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) and so on are found or confirmed in microorganisms. Helping to synthesize biodegradable new materials Importance Another way is to use genetic engineering technology to construct efficient transformation and degradation engineering bacteria. Microbial genetics promotes the development of production. The principle of improving the final product by eliminating repression has been applied to the fermentation of amino acids and nucleotides with remarkable yield increase. The application of recombinant DNA technology in industry, agriculture and medicine is more difficult to estimate, and recombinant DNA technology is also the product of microbial genetics research. Microbial genetics research has also made an important contribution to medical and health services, especially in the detection of carcinogenic

Microbial Genetics

Transcript: Genetics Basic Structure of DNA and RNA DNA Double Stranded Sugar Phosphate Bases - Hydrogen Bonds Adenine - Thymine, Cytosine - Guanine RNA Similar Structure Uracil (Thymine) Ribose (Deoxyribose) Adenine - Uracil, two hydrogen bonds Description of General Bacterial Genome Collection of bacterium's entire genetic information. Information organized into genes then encoded in the organism's DNA. Genes organized into chromosomes. Bacteria only has one chromosome Description of General Viral Genome Genetic information of a virus. Difference with bacterial genome is that information can be encoded into both DNA and RNA Summary of Steps of Replication in Bacteria Summary of Steps of Transcription in Bacteria mRNA synthesis. Process which a strand of RNA is produced against a DNA template Summary of Steps of Translation in Bacteria Translation: Protein synthesis; the process of decoding the messenger RNA code into a polypeptide Basic Concept of How an Operan Functions A genetic operational unit that regulates metabolism by controlling mRNA production Example of Conjugation Transduction: The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by means of a bacteriophage vector Example of Transformation

Microbial Genetics

Transcript: Microbiology & Parasitology Monica V. Garbida BSED-Sci3A Welcome Population Are you aware? Population Philippines as of 2021. Subtopic 1 World Population. On our Earth Living things Abiotic People Plants Animals Who loves dog? Dogs Pathogens Pathogens Tick (Suborder ixodida) Examples Figure3. Shows the image of Tick (Suborder ixodida) Is a parasite arthropods belonging to the order Ixodida Can lay eggs upto 1000 The whole life cycle depends on environmental conditions and the availability of hosts and lasts between 3 and 6 months and up to 3 years. In the absence of hosts, adult soft ticks can fast for several years. Lyme Diseases Symptoms: Fever head ache fatigue rash Can cause If left untreated, it can create infection in some: Joints Heart Nervous system According to McNeil United States, There are rapid spread of lyme diseases. Based on CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) almost 300,000 per year is the cases they encounter. Study Well, Maybe some of you now is speechless!! ? Grabe noh, Kalmahan naten!! Mm Main Topic Sex is X. MG Microbial genetics Microbial genetics is the study of the mechanisms of heritable information in microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, viruses and some protozoa and fungi. In bacteria & Archaea is not multiply through mating Human reproduce via VGT (Vertical Gene Transfer) While in Bacteria use HGT (Horizontal Gene Transfer). G VGT VGT vs. HGT HGT In addition, MG Medicine Agriculture Food Pharmaceuticals Title HGT or Horizontal Gene Tansfer HGT is the movement of genetic material between organisms. Also known as Lateral gene transfer Life and death BACTERIA and ARCHAEA adapt environment in HGT pattern rather by altering gene through Mutations. Gossiphers Sample Words associated with HGT Words related Donor Recipient Channel contact HGT has 3 Mechanism Conjugation Transformation Transduction Overlap Thank you !!! Your speaker today! Monica Garbida. BSED-Science3A T.Y References Microbial genetics - Latest research and news | Nature. (2023, September 19). Nature. https://www.nature.com/subjects/microbial genetics#:~:text=Microbial%20genetics%20is%20the%20study,and%20some%20protoz oa%20and%20fungi. Lyme disease home | CDC. (2022, January 19). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html#:~:text=It%20is%20transmitted%20to%20humans ,heart%2C%20and%20the%20nervous%20system. Libretexts. (2023). 3.1: Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Biology LibreTexts. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_2%3A_ Bacterial_Genetics_and_the_Chemical_Control_of_Bacteria/3%3A_Bacterial_Genetics/ 3.1%3A_Horizontal_Gene_Transfer_in_Bacteria McNeil, D. G., Jr. (2018, May 2). Tick and mosquito infections spreading rapidly, C.D.C. finds. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/01/health/ticks-mosquitoes diseases.html World Population clock: 8.1 billion people (LIVE, 2023) - Worldometer. (n.d.). https://www.worldometers.info/world population/#:~:text=2023%20World%20Population,the%20world%20population%20was %207%2C909%2C295%2C151 Title

PowerPoint Game Templates

Transcript: Example of a Jeopardy Template By: Laken Feeser and Rachel Chapman When creating without a template... http://www.edtechnetwork.com/powerpoint.html https://www.thebalance.com/free-family-feud-powerpoint-templates-1358184 Example of a Deal or No Deal Template PowerPoint Game Templates There are free templates for games such as jeopardy, wheel of fortune, and cash cab that can be downloaded online. However, some templates may cost more money depending on the complexity of the game. Classroom Games that Make Test Review and Memorization Fun! (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2017, from http://people.uncw.edu/ertzbergerj/msgames.htm Fisher, S. (n.d.). Customize a PowerPoint Game for Your Class with These Free Templates. Retrieved February 17, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/free-powerpoint-games-for-teachers-1358169 1. Users will begin with a lot of slides all with the same basic graphic design. 2. The, decide and create a series of questions that are to be asked during the game. 3. By hyper linking certain answers to different slides, the game jumps from slide to slide while playing the game. 4. This kind of setup is normally seen as a simple quiz show game. Example of a Wheel of Fortune Template https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Wheel-of-Riches-PowerPoint-Template-Plays-Just-Like-Wheel-of-Fortune-383606 Games can be made in order to make a fun and easy way to learn. Popular game templates include: Family Feud Millionaire Jeopardy and other quiz shows. http://www.free-power-point-templates.com/deal-powerpoint-template/ Quick video on template "Millionaire" PowerPoint Games Some games are easier to make compared to others If users are unsure whether or not downloading certain templates is safe, you can actually make your own game by just simply using PowerPoint. add logo here References Example of a Family Feud Template PowerPoint Games are a great way to introduce new concepts and ideas You can create a fun, competitive atmosphere with the use of different templates You can change and rearrange information to correlate with the topic or idea being discussed. Great with students, workers, family, etc. For example: With games like Jeopardy and Family Feud, players can pick practically any answers. The person who is running the game will have to have all of the answers in order to determine if players are correct or not. However, with a game like Who Wants to be a Millionaire, the players only have a choice between answers, A, B, C, or D. Therefore, when the player decides their answer, the person running the game clicks it, and the game will tell them whether they are right or wrong.

PowerPoint Game Templates

Transcript: Conservation of fishing cat Introduction of fishing cat Health: Fishing cats are susceptible to carnivore protoparvovirus, a disease known to kill them. This disease significantly damages the kidney, spleen and gastrointestinal tract of the body. The fishing cat is also vulnerable to diseases and medical conditions such as feline hemoplasmas, transitional cell carcinoma and canine distemper virus. Conservation Threats Wild life Shamim khan 2225138043 Bs Zoology 2022-2026 Since 2016, the fishing cat is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List, as the global population is thought to have declined by around 30% in the years 2010–2015; the destruction of wetlands and killings by local people are major threats to the fishing cat.[1] The destruction of wetlands includes increased pollution or conversion for agricultural use and human settlements. The conversion of mangrove forests to commercial aquaculture ponds is a major threat in Andhra Pradesh, and in some places fishing cats are killed. Over-exploitation of local fish stocks and retaliatory killing by local people are also significant threats. The fishing cat is included on CITES Appendix II and protected by national legislation over most of its range. Hunting is prohibited in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Hunting regulations apply in Laos. In Bhutan, Malaysia, and Vietnam, it is not protected outside protected areas, and no information is known about its legal protections in Cambodia. It is the state animal of the Indian state of West Bengal. Its survival depends on protection of wetlands, prevention of indiscriminate trapping, snaring and poisoning. fishing cat The fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) is a medium-sized wild cat of South and Southeast Asia. It has a deep yellowish-grey fur with black lines and spots. Adults have a head-to-body length of 57 to 78 cm (22 to 31 in), with a 20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 in) long tail. Males are larger than females classification of fishing cat: Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: Feliformia Family: Felidae Subfamily: Felinae Genus: Prionailurus Species: P. viverrinus Characteristics: The fishing cat has a deep yellowish-grey fur with black lines and spots. Two stripes are on the cheeks, and two are above the eyes running to the neck with broken lines on the forehead. It has two rows of spots around the throat. The spots on the shoulder are longitudinal, and those on the sides, limbs and tail are roundish Endangered in Pakistan: In captivity: Fishing cat captive breeding programmes have been established by the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria and the American Association of Zoos and Aquariums. All the fishing cats kept in zoos around the world are listed in the International Studbook of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums.Zoos in Thailand house around 30 individuals; birth rates are not particularly high.They have been placed in captivity as an "insurance population" due to their vulnerable status in the wild Taxonomy Topic: fishing cat Submitted to: Dr Najiya Al-Arifa Behaviour and ecology Phylogeny: Distribution and habitat: The fishing cat lives among dense vegetation near water and is thought to be primarily nocturnal. It is known to be a proficient long-distance and underwater swimmer. Adult males and females without dependent young are solitary. Females have been reported to range over areas of 4 to 6 km2 (1.5 to 2.3 sq mi), while males range over 16 to 22 km2 (6.2 to 8.5 sq mi). It has been observed resting in thick grassy habitats, often near a water body but sometimes far away from them. Adults have been recorded to vocalise "chuckling" sounds The fishing cat is broadly but discontinuously distributed in South and Southeast Asia. It predominantly inhabits densely vegetated wetlands around slow-moving bodies of water like swamps and marshes.These include low-salinity bodies such as oxbow lakes, and high-salinity ones such as tidal creeks and mangrove forests. Along these bodies of water, it conceals itself within the thick cover of forests, scrublands, reed beds, and grasslands. Most records are from lowland areas. Reproduction and development: Wild fishing cats most likely mate during January and February; most kittens in the wild were observed in March and April. However, fishing cats may mate as late as June. In captivity, the gestation period lasts 63–70 days; females give birth to an average of two to three kittens; the litter size can be as small as one to as large as four.

Exploring Microbial Genetics

Transcript: Overview of Microbial Genetics Microbial genetics encompasses the study of genetic information transmission and expression in microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, shaping their biological characteristics and interactions within ecosystems. Basic Concepts in Genetics Fundamental genetic concepts such as DNA, RNA, genes, genomes, and the genetic code form the basis of microbial genetics, influencing gene expression, heredity, and evolutionary adaptations among diverse microorganisms. Overview of Microbial Genetics Microorganisms as Model Organisms Understanding Microbial Genetics Microorganisms serve as invaluable models in genetic research due to their rapid reproduction, diverse genetic traits, and well-studied genomic structures, providing insights into fundamental genetic processes and evolutionary mechanisms. Microbial genetics encompasses the study of genetic information transmission and expression in microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, shaping their biological characteristics and interactions within ecosystems. Microbial genetics is a complex field that delves into the inheritance and expression of genetic information in microorganisms, offering valuable insights into their biological mechanisms. Replication in Viruses Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Genomes Viruses employ unique mechanisms for DNA replication, distinct from bacterial and eukaryotic processes. Comparison of the structural and organizational differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes to highlight their unique characteristics in microbial genetics. Errors in Replication and DNA Repair Mechanisms Replication in Bacteria Mutations, mismatch repair, and recombination are critical in correcting errors during DNA replication in microbes. Bacterial replication relies on DNA polymerase, helicase, primase, and ligase for accurate DNA synthesis. Structure and Function of Microbial Genomes Plasmids: Structure and Function Exploring the organization, functions, and importance of plasmids in microbial genetics, focusing on their role in genetic transfer and adaptation processes within microorganisms. DNA Replication in Microbes Understanding the intricacies of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes and the role of plasmids and mobile genetic elements in microbial genetics. Mechanisms and significance of DNA replication in microbial organisms are central to genetic processes. Mechanisms of DNA Replication Chromosomal DNA Organization DNA replication involves semi-conservative replication, replication forks, and key enzymes like DNA polymerase. Examining the arrangement and structure of bacterial and archaeal chromosomal DNA to understand the hierarchical organization and functional implications in microbial genetics. Mobile Genetic Elements Investigating the role and significance of transposons, integrons, and prophages in the evolution and genetic diversity of microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms. Environmental Response Gene Regulation Mechanisms Translation in Prokaryotes Exploring Microbial Genetics Microbial organisms adapt to environmental changes through regulatory systems like quorum sensing, two-component systems, and global regulation mechanisms. Gene regulation involves operons like the lac operon, regulatory proteins, and various mechanisms controlling gene expression at transcriptional and translational levels. Translation process in prokaryotes includes the assembly of ribosomes, tRNA molecules, mRNA transcript, and the decoding of genetic information into proteins. RNA Polymerase Activity Transcription in Prokaryotes Implications and Applications RNA polymerase initiates transcription by recognizing and binding to specific DNA sequences, marking the start of gene expression. Understanding gene expression and regulation in microbes is crucial for developing biotechnological advancements and combating microbial diseases effectively. Transcription in prokaryotes involves RNA polymerase, promoters, and terminators, governed by sigma factors that control gene expression. Gene Expression and Regulation in Microbes Combined Image Search Keywords gene expression regulation microbes transcription translation gene regulation environmental response microbial genetics biotechnology Understanding the intricate mechanisms of gene expression and regulation in microbial organisms is vital for deciphering their behavior and functions. Unraveling the Secrets of Microorganisms

Microbial Powerpoint

Transcript: The presence of a flagella is thought to mediate adherence to human lung cells, thereby causing infection, since flagella-less strains do not cause disease. Once attached to human cells, the organism is engulfed by a macrophage where is used to grow it numbers. Gene clusters, or pathogenicity islands, have been found that help it chances of growing Winn, W. C., & Jr. (1996, January 01). Legionella. Retrieved March 24, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7619/ Legionella Pneumophilla (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2019, from http://web.uconn.edu/mcbstaff/graf/Student presentations/Legionella/Legionella.html are very difficult to provide a service because they are very hard to culture. have a very complex nutient requirement like activated charcoal and iron. legionella Pneumophila shape Legionella Pneumophila Syptoms of Legionella these Microbes can grow almost anywhere their is stagnet water. this microbe causes a disease known as legionnaires disease. this disease causes shortness of breath, coughs, high fevers muscles pains, and, head aches. Legionella Pneumophila By Tracy Pope Kingdom Bacteria Subkingdom Negibacteria Phylum Proteobacteria Class GammaproteoBacteria Order Legionellales Family Legionellaceae Genus Legionella Species Legionella pneumophila You can catch this Diease just buy breathing in it vapors it syptoms include head aches , fevers, muscle spasms, and shortness of breath. the disease is also know as pontiac disease, theirs about a 1 in 10 chance of dying to Legionnaire disease, and it is next to impossible to spread the legionnaires virus person to person. Legionella is a bacteria likes to grow in water sources like stagnet water, pounds, lakes , and even cooling towers in powerplants.Legionella grows intracellurally in protazoa in biofilms. which is a slimy thin sheet of bacteria that grows on surfaces. Also they are gram negitive. Microbial Powerpoint Work cited page (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2019, from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=962877#null Legionnaires Disease, Pontiac Fever Fast Facts | Legionella | CDC. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/fastfacts.html legionella Pneumophilla Legionella has a cylinder shape and one long tell Legionella Process of contractions Legionella interesting Facts i have learned that legionella them selves dont give you the disease. they just cause a infection when they adhere to your lungs. Logo