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Microbial Genetics

Transcript: Microbial Genetics -A Brief Introduction 24/11/2020 Introduction Introduction The internal makeover of any organism is important to understand how it continues successive generations, and how its metabolic machinery works. In Genetics, we further study the genetic differences of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are organisms that have no defined nucleus, and thus their reproduction process is quite simple. This group consists of Kingdom Monera; namely Bacteria. DNA Synthesis DNA Synthesis (Replication) Definition: DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part for biological inheritance. It is the first step in the process of continuation of generations. Importance: DNA is a blueprint of life. It stores, transfers, and expresses biological information within organisms. Therefore, maintaining its integrity is crucial for an organisms survival, including the simplest forms of life such as prokaryotes. Process (Step 1) PROCESS 1. Role of DNA Helicase: An enzyme, DNA Helicase, acts like a molecular scissor and separates or disassociates the two strands of DNA, splitting them into two separate strands, which become templates for replication. 2. DNA Polymerases: These are three enzymes namely DNA Polymerase I, II and III, out of which DNA Polymerase III is the main enzyme that catalyzes the replication of DNA strands and is relatively larger and more complex. While DNA Polymerase I play only a supportive role in replication and DNA Polymerase II is responsible for fixing any errors during replication. Special characteristics of DNA Polymerase III include its rapid replication rate (1000 nucleotides/ second) and inability to initiate or start DNA synthesis. 3. RNA Primer: An enzyme, Primase constructs a sequence of 10 RNA nucleotides that are complementary to parent DNA template. This Primer is responsible for initiation. DNA Polymerase III recognizes the primer and adds DNA nucleotides to the the primer. The RNA nucleotides are also replaced by DNA nucleotides. 4. Continuation: Another important thing to note is that DNA Polymerase III only adds DNA nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction of the DNA strand. As the two parent DNA strands are anti-parallel, the new strands are oriented in different directions, and we get two categories: Process (Step 2) 5. Leading Strand: It elongates towards the replication fork, thus DNA Polymerase III simply adds nucleotides to it's growing 3' end. 6. Lagging Strand: Since it elongates away from the replication fork, it is synthesized discontinously as short fragments known as Okazaki fragments. They are 1000-2000 nucleotides long in prokaryotes. Once the nucleotides reach the 5' end, an enzyme DNA Ligase connects the fragments. The process is continued, more of the parent strand is unwound and new DNA nucleotides are synthesized until two new complete daughter DNA strands are formed. DNA TRANSCRIPTION DNA Transcription Definition: The process in which an RNA copy of the parent DNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase is known as transcription. Importance: The goal of transcription is to make a RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. For a protein-coding gene, the RNA copy, or transcript, carries the information needed to build a polypeptide (protein or protein subunit). Important point to note is that prokaryotes have only one type of RNA Polymerase. Transcription is also the first step of gene expression. The RNA thus formed is known as Messenger RNA or mRNA. It is about thrice the length of the parent DNA. For example, a 1000 polypeptide DNA sequence requires a 3000 polypeptides mRNA. Process (Step 1) PROCESS 1. Template Strand: This stand, also known as antisense or anticoding strand, is the strand of DNA that is transcribed. 2. Coding Strand: The strand of DNA that isn't used in transcription is known as coding or sense strand. 3. Initiation: Transcription starts at a site in the DNA template strand known is DNA Polymerase Binding Site or Promoter. In prokaryotes, the two binding sites are TTGACA or -35 sequence and TATAAT or -10 sequence. These have affinity for the RNA Polymerase enzymes. 4. Sigma Factor: A subunit of RNA Polymerase known as Sigma Factor, is responsible for the correct initiation of transcription process. The DNA strands open up at the place where enzyme is attached to the template strand, forming transcription bubble. Once transcription starts, sigma factor is released and the rest of DNA Polymerase continues the transcription. Process (Step 2) 5. Elongation: The transcription bubble containing RNA Polymerase moves down the DNA, leaving a growing strand protruding from the bubble. 6. Termination: A unique set of stop sequences (which will be explained in the next topic) stop the transcription process. This is achieved by series of GC pairs followed by AT pairs. The RNA synthesized in this region forms a

Chapter 9- Microbial Genetics

Transcript: Basic Structure of DNA and RNA DNA A phosphate-deoxyribose polymer composes the backbone of the DNA adjacent sugars are connected by phosphodiester bonds nitrogenous bases are convalently bonded to the 1' carbon of the deoxyribose the two DNA strands are antiparallel the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases adenine hydrogen bonds (base pairs) to thymine guanine hydrogen bonds to cytosine RNA Description of general bacterial genome bacterium's entire genetic information Description of general viral genome A virus has either DNA or RNA genes and is called a DNA virus or a RNA virus respectively. The vast majority of viruses have RNA genomes The nucleic acid comprising the genome may be single-stranded or double-stranded, & in a linear, circular or segmented configuration. Summay of steps of replication in bacteria The bacterial chromosome is circular. The replication process starts at a site called the origin. But instead of replicating in one direction around the chromosome, it replicates in two directions. This is called bidirectional replication as two replication forks move in opposite directions away from the origin. The forks will meet at the bottom of the chromosome and replication is terminated as the two chromosomes separate. The bacterial chromosome is also capable of initiating multiple replication forks. The processes of bidirectional replication and the concept of multiple replication forks are discussed in more detail in the replication laboratory. Summary of steps of transcription in bacteria 1.DNA unwinds/"unzips" as the Hydrogen Bonds Break. 2.The free nucleotides of the RNA, pair with complementary DNA bases. 3.RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms. (Aided by RNA Polymerase.) 4.Hydrogen bonds of the untwisted RNA+DNA "ladder" break, freeing the new RNA. 5.If the cell has a nucleus, the RNA is further processed and then moves through the small nuclear pores to the cytoplasm Summary of steps of translation 1. Initiation •The small subunit of the ribosome binds to a site "upstream" (on the 5' side) of the start of the message. •It proceeds downstream (5' -> 3') until it encounters the start codon AUG. (The region between the cap and the AUG is known as the 5'-untranslated region [5'-UTR].) •Here it is joined by the large subunit and a special initiator tRNA. •The initiator tRNA binds to the P site (shown in pink) on the ribosome. •In eukaryotes, initiator tRNA carries methionine (Met). (Bacteria use a modified methionine designated fMet.) 2. Elongation •An aminoacyl-tRNA (a tRNA covalently bound to its amino acid) able to base pair with the next codon on the mRNA arrives at the A site (green) associated with: an elongation factor (called EF-Tu in bacteria) GTP (the source of the needed energy) •The preceding amino acid (Met at the start of translation) is covalently linked to the incoming amino acid with a peptide bond (shown in red). •The initiator tRNA is released from the P site. •The ribosome moves one codon downstream. •This shifts the more recently-arrived tRNA, with its attached peptide, to the P site and opens the A site for the arrival of a new aminoacyl-tRNA. •This last step is promoted by another protein elongation factor (called EF-G in bacteria) and the energy of another molecule of GTP. Note: the initiator tRNA is the only member of the tRNA family that can bind directly to the P site. The P site is so-named because, with the exception of initiator tRNA, it binds only to a peptidyl-tRNA molecule; that is, a tRNA with the growing peptide attached. The A site is so-named because it binds only to the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA; that is the tRNA bringing the next amino acid. So, for example, the tRNA that brings Met into the interior of the polypeptide can bind only to the A site. 3. Termination •The end of translation occurs when the ribosome reaches one or more STOP codons (UAA, UAG, UGA). (The nucleotides from this point to the poly(A) tail make up the 3'-untranslated region [3'-UTR] of the mRNA.) •There are no tRNA molecules with anticodons for STOP codons. (With a few special exceptions: link to mitochondrial genes and to nonstandard amino acids.) •However, protein release factors recognize these codons when they arrive at the A site. •Binding of these proteins —along with a molecule of GTP — releases the polypeptide from the ribosome. •The ribosome splits into its subunits, which can later be reassembled for another round of protein synthesis. Basic concept of how an operon functions In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of genomic material containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single regulatory signal or promoter[1]. The genes are transcribed together into an mRNA strand and either translated together in the cytoplasm, or undergo trans-splicing to create monocistronic mRNAs that are translated separately, i.e. several strands of mRNA that each encode a single gene product. The result of this is that the genes contained in

Microbial Genetics

Transcript: People will develop more diseases as bacterias can mutate and be even more dangerous since there are no vaccines for it. And creating a vaccine for one person can take a months nor years if it succeeds. If creating a vaccine for one person is taking a long time how would it be if you are producing vaccines for billions of people. However, there are some bacterias that can help Importance Mutation (mutation) technology, gene recombination technology, gene replacement, amplification technology A series of genetic modification techniques such as Atractylodes macrocephala, transfer, recombination and modification of extrachromosomal genetic materials, and the structure and properties of some biological genetic materials (chromosomal DNA, RNA, plasmid DNA) Reasons: Found and confirmation : Screening and constructing transforming and degrading microorganisms, improving genetic stability of Engineering bacteria, providing more scientific, rapid, accurate and diverse environmental monitoring and assessment techniques, and helping to synthesize biococoa Screening and construction of transformed microorganisms Industry and Environment Microbial genetics will be helpful to increase these(antibiotics or medicine related to microbes) products productivity by microbial technology. This means that the health industry are earning heaps of money because of the fact that people are needing so much treatment and researches to be able to cure. Citations Microbial genetics is a branch of genetics that studies viruses, bacteria, small fungi, single-celled animals and plants.Microorganisms are good materials for genetic research because of their small size, short life cycle, rapid propagation on simple synthetic media, and the ability to process large numbers of individuals under the same conditions One is to use the traditional mutation breeding and cross breeding technology to screen and cultivate highly effective strains of microorganisms.The strains have been used in the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater, pesticide production wastewater and tailings wastewater, as well as in the removal of petroleum pollution and garbage degradation. Microbial Genetics Provide more scientific, fast, accurate and diverse environmental monitoring and environmental protection. Environmental assessment techniques In this field, biodegradable materials synthesized by microorganisms have attracted wide attention and have broad application prospects. For example, microbial fermentation is the main way to obtain biodegradable plastics at present. The materials needed for production in such techniques are obtained from the fermentation process of a particular microorganism, which is the fermentation product of a microorganism and a specific substrate. Relevant microbial genetic techniques help to screen, cultivate, domesticate and recombine engineered fermentation bacteria in such technologies, thereby introducing new metabolic pathways, synthesizing novel polymers, broadening the use of substrates, increasing production speed and reducing production costs. Selecting and construction the degradation and transformation.Microorganisms are good materials for genetic research because of their small size, short life cycle, rapid propagation on simple synthetic media, and the ability to process large numbers of individuals under the same conditions Health/Care and Diseases "Microbial Genetics." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Encyclopedia.com. 27 Aug.2018 <http://www.encyclopedia.com> Holmes, Randall K., and Michael G Jobling. “Medical Microbiology.” Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1996. Mori, Hirotada. “Microbial Genetics, Genomics, and Proteomics.” Bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com, BMC Microbiology, 2018. And because of the mutations of some bacterias, people are being detained in a hospital or they may be unfortunately dead because of lack of treatment (such as vaccine, if its rare) and time (ran out of time to research, create, and produce a vaccine). How is gonna effect: By: Ashyley Xu & Mercy Yagao Genetic code, transcription, translation,messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) and so on are found or confirmed in microorganisms. Helping to synthesize biodegradable new materials Importance Another way is to use genetic engineering technology to construct efficient transformation and degradation engineering bacteria. Microbial genetics promotes the development of production. The principle of improving the final product by eliminating repression has been applied to the fermentation of amino acids and nucleotides with remarkable yield increase. The application of recombinant DNA technology in industry, agriculture and medicine is more difficult to estimate, and recombinant DNA technology is also the product of microbial genetics research. Microbial genetics research has also made an important contribution to medical and health services, especially in the detection of carcinogenic

Microbial Genetics

Transcript: Microbiology & Parasitology Monica V. Garbida BSED-Sci3A Welcome Population Are you aware? Population Philippines as of 2021. Subtopic 1 World Population. On our Earth Living things Abiotic People Plants Animals Who loves dog? Dogs Pathogens Pathogens Tick (Suborder ixodida) Examples Figure3. Shows the image of Tick (Suborder ixodida) Is a parasite arthropods belonging to the order Ixodida Can lay eggs upto 1000 The whole life cycle depends on environmental conditions and the availability of hosts and lasts between 3 and 6 months and up to 3 years. In the absence of hosts, adult soft ticks can fast for several years. Lyme Diseases Symptoms: Fever head ache fatigue rash Can cause If left untreated, it can create infection in some: Joints Heart Nervous system According to McNeil United States, There are rapid spread of lyme diseases. Based on CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) almost 300,000 per year is the cases they encounter. Study Well, Maybe some of you now is speechless!! ? Grabe noh, Kalmahan naten!! Mm Main Topic Sex is X. MG Microbial genetics Microbial genetics is the study of the mechanisms of heritable information in microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, viruses and some protozoa and fungi. In bacteria & Archaea is not multiply through mating Human reproduce via VGT (Vertical Gene Transfer) While in Bacteria use HGT (Horizontal Gene Transfer). G VGT VGT vs. HGT HGT In addition, MG Medicine Agriculture Food Pharmaceuticals Title HGT or Horizontal Gene Tansfer HGT is the movement of genetic material between organisms. Also known as Lateral gene transfer Life and death BACTERIA and ARCHAEA adapt environment in HGT pattern rather by altering gene through Mutations. Gossiphers Sample Words associated with HGT Words related Donor Recipient Channel contact HGT has 3 Mechanism Conjugation Transformation Transduction Overlap Thank you !!! Your speaker today! Monica Garbida. BSED-Science3A T.Y References Microbial genetics - Latest research and news | Nature. (2023, September 19). Nature. https://www.nature.com/subjects/microbial genetics#:~:text=Microbial%20genetics%20is%20the%20study,and%20some%20protoz oa%20and%20fungi. Lyme disease home | CDC. (2022, January 19). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html#:~:text=It%20is%20transmitted%20to%20humans ,heart%2C%20and%20the%20nervous%20system. Libretexts. (2023). 3.1: Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Biology LibreTexts. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_2%3A_ Bacterial_Genetics_and_the_Chemical_Control_of_Bacteria/3%3A_Bacterial_Genetics/ 3.1%3A_Horizontal_Gene_Transfer_in_Bacteria McNeil, D. G., Jr. (2018, May 2). Tick and mosquito infections spreading rapidly, C.D.C. finds. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/01/health/ticks-mosquitoes diseases.html World Population clock: 8.1 billion people (LIVE, 2023) - Worldometer. (n.d.). https://www.worldometers.info/world population/#:~:text=2023%20World%20Population,the%20world%20population%20was %207%2C909%2C295%2C151 Title

PowerPoint Game Templates

Transcript: Example of a Jeopardy Template By: Laken Feeser and Rachel Chapman When creating without a template... http://www.edtechnetwork.com/powerpoint.html https://www.thebalance.com/free-family-feud-powerpoint-templates-1358184 Example of a Deal or No Deal Template PowerPoint Game Templates There are free templates for games such as jeopardy, wheel of fortune, and cash cab that can be downloaded online. However, some templates may cost more money depending on the complexity of the game. Classroom Games that Make Test Review and Memorization Fun! (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2017, from http://people.uncw.edu/ertzbergerj/msgames.htm Fisher, S. (n.d.). Customize a PowerPoint Game for Your Class with These Free Templates. Retrieved February 17, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/free-powerpoint-games-for-teachers-1358169 1. Users will begin with a lot of slides all with the same basic graphic design. 2. The, decide and create a series of questions that are to be asked during the game. 3. By hyper linking certain answers to different slides, the game jumps from slide to slide while playing the game. 4. This kind of setup is normally seen as a simple quiz show game. Example of a Wheel of Fortune Template https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Wheel-of-Riches-PowerPoint-Template-Plays-Just-Like-Wheel-of-Fortune-383606 Games can be made in order to make a fun and easy way to learn. Popular game templates include: Family Feud Millionaire Jeopardy and other quiz shows. http://www.free-power-point-templates.com/deal-powerpoint-template/ Quick video on template "Millionaire" PowerPoint Games Some games are easier to make compared to others If users are unsure whether or not downloading certain templates is safe, you can actually make your own game by just simply using PowerPoint. add logo here References Example of a Family Feud Template PowerPoint Games are a great way to introduce new concepts and ideas You can create a fun, competitive atmosphere with the use of different templates You can change and rearrange information to correlate with the topic or idea being discussed. Great with students, workers, family, etc. For example: With games like Jeopardy and Family Feud, players can pick practically any answers. The person who is running the game will have to have all of the answers in order to determine if players are correct or not. However, with a game like Who Wants to be a Millionaire, the players only have a choice between answers, A, B, C, or D. Therefore, when the player decides their answer, the person running the game clicks it, and the game will tell them whether they are right or wrong.

Exploring Microbial Genetics

Transcript: Overview of Microbial Genetics Microbial genetics encompasses the study of genetic information transmission and expression in microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, shaping their biological characteristics and interactions within ecosystems. Basic Concepts in Genetics Fundamental genetic concepts such as DNA, RNA, genes, genomes, and the genetic code form the basis of microbial genetics, influencing gene expression, heredity, and evolutionary adaptations among diverse microorganisms. Overview of Microbial Genetics Microorganisms as Model Organisms Understanding Microbial Genetics Microorganisms serve as invaluable models in genetic research due to their rapid reproduction, diverse genetic traits, and well-studied genomic structures, providing insights into fundamental genetic processes and evolutionary mechanisms. Microbial genetics encompasses the study of genetic information transmission and expression in microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, shaping their biological characteristics and interactions within ecosystems. Microbial genetics is a complex field that delves into the inheritance and expression of genetic information in microorganisms, offering valuable insights into their biological mechanisms. Replication in Viruses Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Genomes Viruses employ unique mechanisms for DNA replication, distinct from bacterial and eukaryotic processes. Comparison of the structural and organizational differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes to highlight their unique characteristics in microbial genetics. Errors in Replication and DNA Repair Mechanisms Replication in Bacteria Mutations, mismatch repair, and recombination are critical in correcting errors during DNA replication in microbes. Bacterial replication relies on DNA polymerase, helicase, primase, and ligase for accurate DNA synthesis. Structure and Function of Microbial Genomes Plasmids: Structure and Function Exploring the organization, functions, and importance of plasmids in microbial genetics, focusing on their role in genetic transfer and adaptation processes within microorganisms. DNA Replication in Microbes Understanding the intricacies of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes and the role of plasmids and mobile genetic elements in microbial genetics. Mechanisms and significance of DNA replication in microbial organisms are central to genetic processes. Mechanisms of DNA Replication Chromosomal DNA Organization DNA replication involves semi-conservative replication, replication forks, and key enzymes like DNA polymerase. Examining the arrangement and structure of bacterial and archaeal chromosomal DNA to understand the hierarchical organization and functional implications in microbial genetics. Mobile Genetic Elements Investigating the role and significance of transposons, integrons, and prophages in the evolution and genetic diversity of microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms. Environmental Response Gene Regulation Mechanisms Translation in Prokaryotes Exploring Microbial Genetics Microbial organisms adapt to environmental changes through regulatory systems like quorum sensing, two-component systems, and global regulation mechanisms. Gene regulation involves operons like the lac operon, regulatory proteins, and various mechanisms controlling gene expression at transcriptional and translational levels. Translation process in prokaryotes includes the assembly of ribosomes, tRNA molecules, mRNA transcript, and the decoding of genetic information into proteins. RNA Polymerase Activity Transcription in Prokaryotes Implications and Applications RNA polymerase initiates transcription by recognizing and binding to specific DNA sequences, marking the start of gene expression. Understanding gene expression and regulation in microbes is crucial for developing biotechnological advancements and combating microbial diseases effectively. Transcription in prokaryotes involves RNA polymerase, promoters, and terminators, governed by sigma factors that control gene expression. Gene Expression and Regulation in Microbes Combined Image Search Keywords gene expression regulation microbes transcription translation gene regulation environmental response microbial genetics biotechnology Understanding the intricate mechanisms of gene expression and regulation in microbial organisms is vital for deciphering their behavior and functions. Unraveling the Secrets of Microorganisms

Microbial Powerpoint

Transcript: The presence of a flagella is thought to mediate adherence to human lung cells, thereby causing infection, since flagella-less strains do not cause disease. Once attached to human cells, the organism is engulfed by a macrophage where is used to grow it numbers. Gene clusters, or pathogenicity islands, have been found that help it chances of growing Winn, W. C., & Jr. (1996, January 01). Legionella. Retrieved March 24, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7619/ Legionella Pneumophilla (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2019, from http://web.uconn.edu/mcbstaff/graf/Student presentations/Legionella/Legionella.html are very difficult to provide a service because they are very hard to culture. have a very complex nutient requirement like activated charcoal and iron. legionella Pneumophila shape Legionella Pneumophila Syptoms of Legionella these Microbes can grow almost anywhere their is stagnet water. this microbe causes a disease known as legionnaires disease. this disease causes shortness of breath, coughs, high fevers muscles pains, and, head aches. Legionella Pneumophila By Tracy Pope Kingdom Bacteria Subkingdom Negibacteria Phylum Proteobacteria Class GammaproteoBacteria Order Legionellales Family Legionellaceae Genus Legionella Species Legionella pneumophila You can catch this Diease just buy breathing in it vapors it syptoms include head aches , fevers, muscle spasms, and shortness of breath. the disease is also know as pontiac disease, theirs about a 1 in 10 chance of dying to Legionnaire disease, and it is next to impossible to spread the legionnaires virus person to person. Legionella is a bacteria likes to grow in water sources like stagnet water, pounds, lakes , and even cooling towers in powerplants.Legionella grows intracellurally in protazoa in biofilms. which is a slimy thin sheet of bacteria that grows on surfaces. Also they are gram negitive. Microbial Powerpoint Work cited page (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2019, from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=962877#null Legionnaires Disease, Pontiac Fever Fast Facts | Legionella | CDC. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/fastfacts.html legionella Pneumophilla Legionella has a cylinder shape and one long tell Legionella Process of contractions Legionella interesting Facts i have learned that legionella them selves dont give you the disease. they just cause a infection when they adhere to your lungs. Logo

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