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Neuroscience vs. Free Will

Transcript: The Astonishing Hypothesis "A person's mental activities are entirely due to the behavior of nerve cells, glial cells, and the atoms, ions, and molecules that make them up and influence them." -Francis Crick "...the patients did not consciously perceive the masked primes that influenced their behaviour." [no free will] compatibilism Double dissociation • Studies on unconscious decision have reported a brain area supplementary motor area (SMA) involvement • SMA is known to be involved in motor preparation • Three main controversial questions followed by the decision study 1) Is SMA movement origination cortical site? 2) Short delay between the onset of the readiness potential and the decision is inaccurate? 3) Does brain activity selectively predict the specific choice outcome or not? Stoicism "Freedom is secured not by the fulfilling of men's desires, but by the removal of desire." -Epictetus Discussion Determinism & Free Will René Descartes Decoding the outcome of a decision from motion parameters Methods Free Will? In contrast to most previous studies it is possible that… • frontopolar cortex was the first cortical stage at which the actual decision was made, whereas precuneus was involved in storage of the decision until it reached awareness. • frontal and parietal cortex of the human brain had considerable information that predicted the outcome of a motor decision before the conscious awareness. • when the subject’s decision reached awareness it had been influenced by unconscious brain activity for up to ~10 s. • earliest predictive information is encoded in these two regions and not in SMA!!! • preparatory time period in such regions is longer than previous reports for motor related areas! Review of several theories and experiments Definitions: voluntary actions vs. reflex actions [x habit!] Measuring conscious intention Circuits for voluntary action [next] Decision-making scheme: whether, what, veto feedback, when Computational principles: exploratory, random, conditioned, goal-directed Consciousness as an observer, rather as a decision-maker Discussion: implications for individual moral responsibility? Plato Marek Svoboda Discussion libertarianism Current Popular Views - Patrick Haggard - Sebastian Seung I am my Connectome Is free will a precondition for deserving blame for immoral acts and deserving credit for achievements? neuroscientific evidence does not undermine free will. the current central problem: scientists are employing a flawed notion of free will The neuroscientist Read Montague defines free will as “the idea that we make choices and have thoughts independent of anything remotely resembling a physical process. Free will is the close cousin to the idea of the soul” (Current Biology 18, 2008) Neuroscientific discoveries over the next century will uncover how consciousness- lets not define the mind or free will in a way that begins by cutting off this possibility for progress freewill is... capacities for conscious deliberation, rational thinking and self-control are not magical abilities. They need not belong to immaterial souls outside the realm of scientific understanding Predictive information regarding the selected hand arose first in frontopolar cortex Human volition: towards a neuroscience of will In contrast to frontopolar cortex, the precuneus continued to encode the chosen hand during the response period Philosophy • How much predictive information each brain region contained about specific outcome of a motor decision at various time points before we are aware? • Used statistical pattern recognition techniques to predict the specific outcome of a subject’s motor decision by recognizing characteristic local brain patterns associated with each choice. Let's study free decision on other behavioral aspect… Chun Siong Soon et al investigated which brain regions predetermine conscious intentions and when one start shaping a motor decision. • The timing of the decision predicted ahead of time -> decoding of the time decision was possible as early as 5 s preceding the motor decision mainly from pre-SMA and SMA • For frontopolar and parietal cortex this was only possible just before the motor decision -> right before the conscious decision, both of these regions begin to encode timing and handedness information. Ji Yun Shin Key question of their study: Is Neuroscience the Death of Free Will? -Eddy Nahmias Subjects freely decided between one of two buttons using by the left and right index fingers with immediate pressing. They making motor decision they remembered the letter presented. A response-mapping screen with four choices appeared when response buttons were chosen. Then they indicated when selecting the corresponding letter with a second button press made their motor decisions. After a delay the letter stream started again and anew trial began. The delay for next trial was on average 21.6 s [false] 1. frontopolar cortex, BA10 : The predictive information in the fMRI signals 7 s ~ 10

Free Read PowerPoint

Transcript: Free Read PowerPoint Project Judith Rumelt, better known by her pen name Cassandra Clare, is an American author of young adult fiction. Main Characters Summary Prominent literary item Will Herondale-Will has dark hair and ocean blue eyes. Will is rude and cruel because he believes everyone that loves him will die. He believes this because a demon put a 'curse' on him. Tessa Gray- Tessa has blonde hair and grey eyes. She is very witty and enjoys literature. Recommendation of book Setting Jem Carstairs-Jem has silver hair and eyes, due to the drug he was tortured with before his family was killed. He plays the violin and is very kind, caring, and lovable. The most unique thing in Clockwork Angel is that there are supernatural occurrences such as demons, shape shifters, witches, vampires, and werewolves, etc. I definitely recommend Clockwork Angel by Cassandra Clare. I recommend this book because it uses great figurative language, such as "The machine walked like a man." Also, "There was a boy standing in front of her. He couldn´t have been much older than she was-seventeen or possibly eighteen. He was dressed in what looked like workman´s clothes-a frayed black jacket, trousers, and tough-looking boots. He wore no waistcoat, and thick leather straps crisscrossed his waist and chest. Attached to the straps were weapons-daggers and folding knives and things that looked like blades of ice. In His left hand-slim and long fingered-was bleeding where she had gashed the back of it with her pitcher. But that wasn´t what made her stare. He had the most beautiful face she had ever seen. Tangled black hair and eyes like blue glass. Elegant cheekbones,and long, thick lashes. He looked like every fictional hero she´d ever conjured up in her head. Tessa Gray goes to London to live with her brother. When she arrives Tessa is captured by twin sisters dubbed 'the Dark Sisters'. She was tortured and forced to use her gift of shape shifting for evil until Will Herondale rescues her. He then takes her to the institute, a place for shadowhunters to be cared for. Tessa meets the residents of the institute, Charlotte Branwell, the head of the institute, Henry Branwell, Charlotte's husband and inventor of a many great inventions, Jessamine Lovelace, girly and against all things shadowhunter, Jem Carstairs, a kind but very ill shadowhunter. Presentation Themes Clockwork Angel by Cassandra Clare Most unique thing in the book Presentation by Canaan Hall Clockwork Angel takes place in the institute, and the Dark Sister's home. The institute is an old church with very many rooms for passing visitors. The Dark Sister's house is large but sparsly furnished, in Tessa's room there is a bed with restraints, a mirror, and a nightstand with a few books. The themes for Clockwork angel are; you always need friends that you can trust, don't judge someone by their looks you don't know what they are going through, and even someone you wouldn't expect could be the hero. Cassandra Clare One prominent literary item in the book is personification. Personification is used throughout Clockwork Angel, such as "The machine walked like a man." Another example is, "The door creaked with a noise that sounded like a scream."

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Transcript: Need more placeholders for your content? 7 INTRODUCTION // THIS TEMPLATE SUPPORTS Get this Prezi Template from: NEXT SLIDE 3 IDEA TAKEOFF IDEA NR #3 SYMBOLS VIDEOS MAKE IT HAPPEN 5 "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consisten ectetur adipi esscing sed do eiusmod edgar tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua." "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consisten ectetur adipi esscing sed do eiusmod edgar tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua." // INSERT YOUR OWN CONTENT HERE 6 USE VISUALS "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consisten ectetur adipi esscing sed do eiusmod edgar tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua." Zoom around and insert your ideas // MORE EXAMPLE CONTENT The Ace Return Finance Department TEXT 2 4 NHC 2017 LAND A GREAT JOB IMAGES EXPLAIN MORE http://prezibase.com GENERATE AN IDEA

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Transcript: The adsorption of contaminant molecules by catalysis The improvement of light absorption The improvement of charge separation and transportation ZnS QDs by precipitation method ( Zinc acetate, Sodium sulphide) ( T= 90º, t= 2h) (NaOH was used as a surfactant) (Low crystalyity) ZnS NPs by hydrothermal method ( Zinc chloride, Thioacetamide) (T=140º, t=5h) ZnS microspheres by hydrothermal method (Zinc chloride, Sodium thiosulfate) (T=180º, t=12h) The strongest material ever Optical Properties Synthesis of pure ZnS Secondary, the use of certain organic acids as additives (Formic acid) , in order to inhibit the growth of moulds, bacteria and yeasts. Graphite : narrow peak (2θ = 26.8º)(d=0.33 nm) ZnO nanorod : high intensity peak (002) (2θ = 34.331º) (JCPDS 00-001-1136) ZnS : sphalerite (111), (200), (220), (311) (JCPDS 00-001-0792) Graphite The mechanical and wear-resistance performance of the coating. 1 Morphology PL : The excessive of rGO can act a center for the recombination of electron-hole pairs instead of providing an electron pathway Solar cell device Synthesis of ZnS-based organic (graphene and polypyrrole) composite The intensity of the absorption peak of MB at 663 nm decreases with the increase of irradiation time D(%) = [(A(MB)0 - A(MB)t)/ A(MB)0] × 100 ZG-0 = 0.27% , ZG-1 = 59%, ZG-2 = 68%, ZG-3 = 79%, ZG-4 = 63% UV-vis absorbtion spectra Na2S + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2S (1) ZnO + H2S ZnS + H2O (2) Hummer's method Research Main Points The rule of graphene 300 times stronger than steel and much harder than diamond! Examples for nanomaterial that already used as a reinforcement in the coating XRD Pure ZnS QDs Publications Nanotechnology solutions hexagonal arrangement of carbon in layer stacked to each other One-pot synthesis Multi-step syntheis one-pot synthesis Multi-step synthesis synthesis of Graphene oxide nanosheets. ( Hummer's method) Graphene nanosheets (GNS) - Titanium dioxide composite Graphene Graphene : (2θ = 25.63º) PPy : amorphous (2θ = 26º) ZnS : Sphalerite ( 111), (220), (311) Insertion for a desired properties ZG-0 ( 0% GO), ZG-1 (0.5% GO), ZG-2 (1% GO), ZG-3 (1.5% GO), ZG-4 (2% GO) Synthesis of ZnS-based inorganic (ZnO-ZnS core-shell) composite Absorption XRD Characterization Morphology Synthesis of pure ZnS ZnO-ZnS core-shell nanostructure By Khaled El Sayed Mustafa The morphology of the core-shell structure is a mixture of round and rectangular shape Uv-vis absorption of ZnO-ZnS core-shell Photocatalytic measurement: Mild steel substrate XRD Characterization Improvement of high-surface area of catalysis (BET) Selective adsorption of the aromatic dye on the catalyst ( π electrons ) qe = ( Ci – Ce )V/m GO Intense and sharp peak ( 2θ = 10.6º ) (001) (d=0.83 nm) rGO very broad ( 2θ = 24.31º ) (002) ( d= 0.36 nm) very weak peak ( 2θ = 42.53º ) (100) ( d= 0.21 nm) ZG-0 Zinc blend ( 2θ = 28.609º, 33.153º, 47.591º, 56.473º, 59.227º, 69.583º, 76.894º ) (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0), (3 1 1), (2 2 2), (4 0 0) and (3 3 1) ZG-0 Wurtzite ( 2θ = 27.081 ) Graphene : ideal ohmic ZnS nanoparticles : two fold light response, resistance of 3.23 × 10 23 Ωcm2 ZP : resistance of 2.81 × 10 23 Ωcm2 GZP : 1.35 × 10 23 Ω cm2 Hexagonal ZnO ZnS (111) Experimental XRD Characterization One-pot synthesis of ZnO-ZnS core-shell nanostructure Electrodeposition of rGO by Mg(NO3)2 Electrodeposition of ZnO nanorod arrays (ZnCl2, KOH, 1mM) anealing on the high purify Argon gas Sulfidation process ( thioacetamide) Photocatalytic Silo Corrosion failure The Anticorrosion Effect of Ni- RGO -TiO2 Nanocomposite Coating on Mild Steel in Neutral Environment The ZnS shell with an estimated tickness of 18 nm is observed Cathodic Protection synthesis of graphene nanosheets ( microwave assisted t=5min, 15 micro liter Hydrazine) PPy nanotube ( Pyrrol monomer, Fecl3, Methylene orange as a template) A red shift and increase in absorption edge of the UV-Vis spectra of ZnS were observed in the presence of graphene. The PL emission of ZnS-graphene decreased compared to the pure ZnS due to the presence of graphene the PL emission of the ZnO-ZnS core-shell nanostructure decreased due to the presense of ZnS shell and formation of type-II band alignment structure in the hetero-interface which is beneficial for solar cell devices. The presence of rGO in ZnS-rGO composite gives significant improvement in the degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation compared to pure ZnS, due to the increased adsorption of the dye, decrease in the band gap and stepwise structure of the energy levels in the composite. The presence of graphene and PPy in the GZP turnary composite lead to higher photocurrent response due to the creation of an interfacial separation between the graphene and the PPy by ZnS nanoparticles, which act as a bridge, and due to enhanced charge transport by graphene. ZnS microsphere-rGO composite Corrosion Inhibitors Crystal structure Bridging effect Charge separation Research Assistant Environmental Modifications Pt foil a counter

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