biologics
Transcript: Biologics or Immunizing biologicals - derivatives of animals (serums, antitoxins, globulins) or microorganisms (vaccines, toxins, toxoids, tuberculins) confer a state of protection against pathogenic microorganisms. Classification of Immunity I. Natural (Innate) Immunity - endowed at birth and is retained because of race and other factors. II. Acquired Immunity - developed or acquired during the lifetime. Subdivided into two classes. 1. Active Immunity a. Naturally acquired active b. Artificially acquired active 2. Passive Immunity a. Naturally acquired passive b. Artificially acquired passive A. Viral Vaccines 1. Measles (Attenuvax), Live, attenuated Rubeola virus, grown on avian or human cell tissue culture. 2. German Measles (Meruvax II) Live Rubella virus, grown on human diploid cell tissue culture. 3. Mumps (Mumpsvax) Live Mumps virus, Chicken embryo tissue. 4. Smallpox or Vaccinia (not available commercially) Live vaccinia-cowpox- virus, skin of bovine calf 5. Poliovirus (TOPV)- Trivalent oral polio vaccine live - Only under special conditions due to vaccine associated paralytic polio- Guillain-Barre Syndrome. 6. Poliomyelitis (IPV) Inactivated polio vaccine trivalent, Rhesus monkey kidney tissue culture 7. Rabies (Imovax, RabAvert) Inactived rabies virus, Imovax - human diploid cell (HDC) & RabAvert - chicken fibroblasts tissue culture. 8. Influenza (Fluzone, FluShield, Fluvirin) Inactivated Influenza virus, seasonally selected types 9. Yellow Fever (YF-Vax) Live, attenuated yellow fever virus, domestic fowl embryo. 10. Hepatitis A, Inactivated(Havrix, Vaqata) Inactivated surface antigen particles obtain from the plasma of healthy chronic hepatitis B antigen carrier by plasmapheresis. 11. Hepatitis B, Recombinant (Recombivax HB, Engerix-B) Recombinant HB surface antigen 12. Chickenpox or Varicella (Varivax) Live, attenuated varicella virus human diploid cell culture 13. Japanese Encephalitis (JE-Vax) Inactivated JE virus, prepared from infected mouse brain. B. Bacterial Vaccines 1. Typhoid (Typhim-inj, Vivotif Berna- oral) Salmonella typhi, killed bacelli 2. Cholera (CDC source) Vibrio cholera, killed bacteria 3. Plague (CDC source) Yersinia pestis, killed bacilli 4. Tuberculosis - BCG Vaccine (Tice BCG) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, living culture of bacillus Calmette-Guerin strain. 5. Pneumococcal polyvalent (Pneumovax 23, Pnu-Imune 23) Streptococcus pneumoniae, capsular polysaccharide from serotypes listed 6. Meningococcal Polysaccharide (Menomune A/C/Y/W-135) Niesseria meningitidis, capsular polysaccharide from different serotypes 7. Hemophilus b Polysaccharide (HibTITer, ActHIB) Heamophilus influenzae, capsular polysaccharide. 8. Pertussis (CDC source) Bordetella pertussis, killed bacteria, both fluid and adsorbed forms 9. Lyme Disease (CDC source) Borrelia burgdorferi, outer cell surface protein by recombinant technology C. Rickettsial vaccines These can only be obtained from CDC 1. Typhus - Rickettsia prowazeki - inactivated, chicken embryo origin 2. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - Rickettsia rickettsii, - Killed, chicken embryo origin 3. Rickettsial pox- Rickettsia akari - Killed, chicken embryo origin 4. Typhus- Scrub aka Tsutsugamushi Disease - Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi, Killed, chicken embryo origin 5. Q Fever - Coxiella burnette, whole cell culture 6. Trench Fever - Rickettsia quintana, whole cell culture A number of antigen-containing preparations are employed in diagnostic aids to determine whether an individual has developed hypersensitivity to certain types of organism Small quantity preparation usually injected intradermally developing reaction usually read at 48 hours Commonly available in : tubeculin,histoplasmin,coccidiodin,diptheria toxin, and mump skin test Preparation obtain from human and bovine strains of the tubercle strains It is applied as a diagnostic agent to determine whether the person animal is or has been infected with Mycobacterium Applied intracutaneous injection, by rubbing into the scarified skin, dropping into the eye is another method A sterile solution of concentrated, soluble products of growth of the tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Used to test patient suspected with tuberculosis Usual dose 5 units ,administered intradermally The test is read after 48 to 72 hours after administration Sterile, standardized liquid concentrate of the soluble growth products by the fungus(Histoplasma capsulatum ) No value of treating disease Used in determining whether patient is harbouring fugal organism Stored between 2 to 8˚C The expiration is two years after date of manufacture or date issue 0.2 ml,intradermally into the flexor surface of the forearm Steril solution containing antigens from by products of the mycelial growth or form the spherules of the fungus (Cocciodis immitis) Used for detecring coccidomycosis Usual dose,intradermally is 0.1 ml of a 1:100 dilution Diptheria toxin Sterile solution of the diluted, standardzed products of growth of diptheria