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Molecular Biology

Transcript: Heat, strong bases, and strong acids can destroy protein structure by breaking bonds and changing the protein’s shape. Primary structure still remains but the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure is changed. Optimum temperature for most enzymes is around 37°C. Below 37°C molecules are moving slower and the chance of random collisions is reduced. Above 37°C enzymes and substrates move faster, but bonds between the molecules begin to break and the enzymes are denatured. Excess H+ or OH- ions can interact with the active site and inhibit (slow down) the interactions between enzymes and substrate. At extremes of pH enzymes may be denatured. Increasing substrate concentration increases the odds of collisions between substrate and enzymes, and will increase rate of production of the product. Because there is a maximum amount of enzymes the concentration of substrate reaches a limit and plateaus. mRNA and ribosome will attach in the cytoplasm with the first two codons inside the ribosome A tRNA with an anticodon that is complementary to the first codon of mRNA brings the first amino acid. Second tRNA with an anticodon that complements the next codon attaches Condensation reaction occurs and attaches the two amino acids with a peptide bond. Bond breaks between first tRNA and amino acids and the first tRNA floats away Ribosome moves one codon down the mRNA strand The process repeats until “stop” codon on mRNA is reached and the polypeptide is released from the final tRNA Organic molecules contains two or more carbon atoms. Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON) are the four most common element in organic molecules Sulfur, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Sodium are other common elements. Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalyst and speed up biochemical reactions, but they remain unchanged at the end of the process. If the 3D shape of an enzyme is irreversibly destroyed, it can no longer carry out its function and is denatured. Molecules of Life Molecules to Metabolism Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Helicase separates the double strand of DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between A=T and G≡C making two separated strands. Unpaired free nucleotides floating in the nucleoplasm are now able to be added to the template strand forming a new complementary strand. DNA polymerase catalyses the formation of a covalent bond between nucleotides on the new strand. The two polymerase molecules are moving in opposite directions. Hydrophilic (sugar, salts, and amino acids) dissolve well in water. Hydrophobic (fats and oils) do not dissolve in water. Proteome Metabolism DNA Replication Carbohydrate and Lipids Source of energy in plants and animals during cellular respiration Provide structure for plants, cellulose found in cell walls Shapes of Proteins Anaerobic Respiration Photosynthesis Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms. Monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond between the individual carbon atoms Polyunsaturated fatty acids have multiple double bonds between the individual carbon atoms Water Molecules The first step in cellular respiration. Glucose enters the cell through the plasma membrane. Enzymes and energy from 2 ATP separate the 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate. Four ATP molecules are formed from the energy given off when the covalent bonds in glucose are broken. Net gain of 2 ATP molecules eukaryotic cells perform glycolysis in the cytoplasm turning a glucose into two pyruvate molecules, gaining 2 ATP molecules. Both pyruvate molecules enters the mitochondria. Each pyruvate molecule lose a carbon dioxide and becomes an acetyl-CoA molecule. The two acetyl-CoA molecules enter a series of reaction called the Krebs cycle. Each acetyl-CoA molecule loses two CO2. The final products are carbon dioxide, water and a high number of ATP molecules. Polymerisation Translation Transcription Light-independent reactions There are 20 different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized. Amino acids can be linked together by peptide bonds in any sequence giving a huge range of possible polypeptides. The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded for by genes. Enzymes Lipids Most all organic molecules are large polymers that are made of subunits called monomers through a process called polymerisation. Enzyme Structure Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP. ATP from cell respiration is immediately available as a source of energy in the cell. Condensation reactions are anabolic reactions that joins two molecules to form a larger one. These reactions require enzymes to catalyse the reaction and will produce a water molecule. Hydrolysis is a type of catabolic reaction that break down polymers into monomers requiring enzymes to catalyse the reaction and require a water molecule. Rate of Photosynthesis Living

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Molecular Biology

Molecular Biology

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Molecular Biology

Molecular Biology

Molecular Biology

Molecular Biology

Molecular Biology

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