Fatherhood
Transcript: Fatherhood South Korea "Parenting across culture" by Helaine Selin Child factors: Fathers do appear to find it easier to be more involved with their sons, especially older sons, presumably because they identify with them and are more comfortable communicating with them - Diverse family structures including trends of men who leave their families (or never marry) to find work in major cities (Xuan & Lamb, 2013). -Paternal involvement depends on children’s ages (Jankowiak, 2010). Fathers were not interested with infants and children under 3 years of age; became more actively involved when children started walking and talking; becomes more formally involved when children enrol in school (age 7) because of the responsibility over children’s education. Fathers were frequently associated to be authoritarian due to the early teachings of Confucius stressed parental involvement in child development and emphasized strict discipline. Traditional chinese fathering is a product of Confucian, Taoist and Buddhist thought. Ideal father is someone who is responsible but also affectionately distant disciplinarian and role model. - Is a very large and heterogeneous population in regard to culture and religion. - Indian fathers distance themselves and are awkward with their children, avoiding open expressions of emotion in order to maintain their authority as family patriarchs. - Fatherhood roles are often shared with a wide network that may include relatives, neighbours, friends, and household helpers. - Ironically, fathers that are usually unemotional toward their children typically become openly loving and affectionate as grandfathers. -Pygmies and Aka fathers are involved with the children beginning with infancy; -Kipsigi fathers in Kenya do not hold infants during the first year. -For the Tswana people of Botswana, the child’s maternal uncle provides relational involvement in the child’s life while the biological father provides financially. -Fulani fathers do not think parental involvement becomes important until age 6 or 7. China Coparental relationship: Standards and expectations for fathering appear to be more variable than those for mothering. Fathers' behavior will be strongly influenced by the meanings and expectations of fathers themselves, as well as mothers, children, extended family, and broader cultures and institutions. Importance of fathers being married to the children’s mothers: In American families, marriage means father 1) lives with children and 2) has a good partnership with the mother. These 2 determines a responsible fathering World War 2 and after war: Cultural differences in fathering - Marriage is usually not the typical path to fatherhood in Southern Africa. - Black Southern African fathers, are often assumed, even required, to be significant figures in the lives of children. The model is intended to be inclusive of fathering inside or outside of marriage and regardless of co-residence with the child. The model attempts to transcend the dyadic focus of much traditional child development theory by emphasizing first the childfathermother triad and then larger systems influences. Implications Africa East and Central Africa In the 1960s and 1970s, post-war cultural ideas which emphasized on physical proximity and emotional sensitivity left little room for fathers to interact with their children. Mid twentieth century： corporal punishment and strict discipline techniques were used particularly by fathers. Contemporary Japanese fathers may have evolved along the years, but still less likely than men in other countries to indicate strong interest in parenting. Japanese fathers generally have a very narrow view of what it’s like to be a father. Focus more on work than engaging with their family and children. Even though they do not spend more time with their children, research has suggested that they have become less strict and more gentle compared to previous generations. Fathering is a dynamic, multifaceted process that is heavily influenced by individual factors as well as the ecological factors Historical changes of fathering Asian cultural traditions emphasised the role of the father as hard working but emotionally distant from children. 12% of all families have stay-t-home dads sharp increase of single fathers from 2001-2006 Highlights the need of proper father figure in child development Theories - Departed from the traditional “strict father, affectionate mother” ideology sooner than Chinese and Korean fathers (Nakazawa and Shwalb 2013 ). - Traditional Japanese emphasis on emotion-focused and permissive fathering and has provided the base for a more contemporary ideal of a nurturing and friendly Japanese father. What is the issue? Males historically are the breadwinners of the family. 1960, fathers have continued to spend more time with children, the first country to dissolve "males as breadwinners" Stereotypes of "fathers as breadwinners" are disappearing; number of fathers as primary
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