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cost of capital

Transcript: Introduction to Cost of Capital Significance of Cost of Capital Investment Decision-Making Capital Budgeting A company's capital budgeting process hinges on understanding its cost of capital, which informs decision-making on long-term investments. It affects cash flow projections and determines which projects are viable within financial constraints. The cost of capital serves as a vital benchmark for evaluating potential investments. Investors expect a return that aligns with this cost, guiding firms in selecting projects that promise adequate returns versus risks. Definition The cost of capital refers to the return investors expect for providing their capital to a business. This metric serves as a crucial benchmark for evaluating investment opportunities and overall business performance. Overview of Long-Term Debt Costs Cost of Debentures Components of Long-Term Debt Cost Definition of Long-Term Debt Irredeemable Debentures Formula for Cost of Irredeemable Debentures Calculation Example of Irredeemable Debentures The cost of long-term debt includes interest payments, issuance costs, and any premiums or discounts on repayment. These expenses can significantly affect a firm's profitability and cash flow management. Long-term debt refers to loans and financial obligations that are not due within a year. It includes bonds, loans, and debentures, providing necessary financing for company growth and operations. Irredeemable debentures do not have a maturity date, meaning interest is paid indefinitely. Their cost is primarily based on the annual interest payments versus market value. The cost of irredeemable debentures is calculated using the formula K_d = I / P, where K_d is the cost of debt, I is the annual interest payment, and P is the market price of the debenture. For a debenture issued at Rs. 100 with an annual interest of Rs. 10, the cost of debt is calculated as K_d = 10 / 100 = 10%. This highlights the expected return for investors. Redeemable Debentures Defined Formula for Cost of Redeemable Debentures Calculation Example of Redeemable Debentures Redeemable debentures are repayable after a specified period, providing investors with defined return timelines. They often feature a higher cost than irredeemable debentures due to redemption risk. The cost of redeemable debentures is expressed as K_d = (I + (RV - NP) / N) / ((RV + NP) / 2), where RV is the redemption value, NP is net proceeds, and N is the number of years to maturity. An example: A company issues debentures at Rs. 90, redeemable at Rs. 100 after 5 years, with an annual interest of Rs. 10. The computed cost is K_d = (10 + (100 - 90) / 5) / ((100 + 90) / 2) = 11.11%. Conclusion Conclusion THANK YOU Evaluating the cost of capital is crucial as it directly affects investment decisions, capital budgeting, and the overall financial strategy of the business. An accurate assessment ensures that firms can attract investors while optimizing their capital structure. Cost of Capital Understanding its Significance in Financial Management

COST OF CAPITAL

Transcript: WACC BETA BETA OF A PROJECT COUNTRY RISK COST OF CAPITAL TARGET CAPITAL STRUCTURE ESTIMATION FORMULA TAX EFFECTS COST OF PREFERRED STOCKS Working Average Capital Cost MCC COST OF DEBT COST OF COMMON EQUITY COST OF CAPITAL WHAT DO CFOs DO? MARGINAL COST OF CAPITAL SCHEDULE

COST OF CAPITAL

Transcript: FORMULA RETAINED EARNING Cost of Debt Cost of Equity Shares Cost of Preference Shares Cost of Retained Earning Cost of debt capital is associated with the amount of interest that is paid on currently outstanding debts. it is denoted by Kd. COST OF CAPITAL (MEANING) The cost of funds used for financing a business. Cost of capital depends on the mode of financing used – it refers to the cost of equity if the business is financed solely through equity, or to the cost of debt if it is financed solely through debt. Many companies use a combination of debt and equity to finance their businesses, and for such companies, their overall cost of capital is derived from a weighted average of all capital sources, widely known as the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). EXAMPLE Cost of preference share capital is that part of cost of capital in which we calculate the amount which is payable to preference shareholders in the form of dividend with fixed rate. It is denoted by Kp. Cost of Equity Share is the annual rate of return that an investor expects to earn when investing in the shares of the company. It is denoted by Ke FORMULA GROWTH APPROACH Ke = D/P + g where, Ke - cost of equity share D - Dividend P - Current market price of Equity Share g - Growth Rate Of Dividend DIVIDEND CAPITALISATION APPROACH Ke = D/P ratio approach EARNING CAPITALISATION APPROACH Ke = E/P ratio approach where, D- Dividend E- Earning Per Share P- Net Proceed or Market price of an equity share IRREDEEMABLE PREFERENCE SHARE Kp = D/P where, D - Dividend (including dividend tax if any) P- Proceed from issue Now issue of irredeemable preference share is not permissable as per Companies Act 1956 THANKYOU COST OF EQUITY SHARE when an investor purchases stock in a company, he/she expects to see a return on that investment. Since the individual expects to get back more than his/her initial investment, the cost of capital is equal to this return that the investor receives, or the money that the company misses out on by selling its stock. According to Solomom Ezra " The cost of capital is the minimum required rate of earning or the cut-off rate of capital expenditure." IRREDEMABLE DEBT Kd = I/NP (Before Tax) Kd = I(1-t)/ NP (After Tax) Where, Kd - Cost of debt t - Tax Rate I - Interest NP - Net Price COST OF CAPITAL PRESENTED BY:- HARSHITA PARIHAR AYUSHI VIJAYVARGIYA POORWA TIWARI APARNA PATHAK A firm's overall cost of capital is the weighted average of the cost of various sources of finance used by it. The weighted assigned to various sources of fund may be book value or market value. Formula: Ko= TotalWeighted Cost/ Total Capital x 100 FORMULA REDEEMABLE PREFERENCE SHARE Cost of Retained Earning is normally used equal to te cost of equity share capital. But sometimes it remains less than cost of equity because it does not require any floatation cost. DEFINITION COST OF PREFERENCE SHARE REDEEMABLE DEBT when tax benefit on issue cost is not considered Kd = [I(1-t)+(R-P)/n]/ (R+P)/2 when tax benefit on issue cost is also considered Kd = [I(1-t)+(R-P)(1-t)/n]/(R+P)/2 where, I- Interest t- Tax rate R- Redemption price P- Net proceed from debt Redeemable preference shares (Tax benefit on cost of issue considered) Kp = [D+(R-P)/n x (1-t)]/(R+P)/2 where, D- Dividend (including dividend tax ,if any) R- Redemption price P- Proceeds from issue t- Tax rate n- Number of years COMPONENTS/TYPES OF COST OF CAPITAL COST OF DEBT OVERALL COST OF CAPITAL

Cost of Capital

Transcript: Significance of Cost of Capital Overview of Preference Share Capital Definition of Cost of Capital Characteristics of Preference Shares The cost of capital is a critical measure for evaluating investment opportunities and guiding corporate finance decisions. A company with a lower cost of capital can undertake more projects, increasing its profitability and market value over time. Preference shares represent a hybrid equity instrument that combines features of both equity and debt. They typically pay dividends at a fixed rate and may have redeemable or irredeemable characteristics, influencing their risk and return profiles. Preference share capital represents a hybrid form of financing that provides a fixed dividend to shareholders before common shareholders receive any dividends. This type of capital can be categorized into irredeemable and redeemable preference shares, each with distinct characteristics and implications. Cost of capital refers to the minimum return that a company must earn on its investments to satisfy its investors. It includes the cost of equity, debt, and preference shares, providing a comprehensive overview of what the company needs to generate to maintain its value. Priority of Preference Shareholders Cost of Irredeemable Preference Shares Treatment of Dividends Formula for Irredeemable Preference Shares Preference shareholders have a superior claim on assets and dividends over ordinary equity shareholders. In the event of liquidation, they are paid before common shareholders, making them less risky but potential returns lower compared to ordinary shares. Dividends paid to preference shareholders are considered an appropriation of after-tax profits, not an expense. This treatment means these payments do not reduce the company’s tax liability, impacting overall financial strategy. The cost of irredeemable preference shares is akin to calculating perpetuity. It represents dividends paid to shareholders without a redemption feature, making it a key financial metric for investors seeking stable income. The formula for calculating the cost of irredeemable preference shares (Kp) is Kp = PD / Po, where PD stands for annual preference dividend and Po represents the net proceeds from the issue. Example Calculation - Irredeemable Example Calculation - Redeemable Formula for Redeemable Preference Shares Cost of Redeemable Preference Shares For redeemable preference shares with an annual dividend (PD) of $6, a redemption value (RV) of $100, net proceeds (NP) of $90, and remaining life (n) of 5 years, the cost is Kp = 6 + (100 - 90) / 5 / ((100 + 90) / 2) = 7.23%. If a company pays an annual preference dividend (PD) of $5 and the net proceeds from issuing the shares (Po) is $50, the cost of irredeemable preference shares would be Kp = 5 / 50 = 0.10 or 10%. Redeemable preference shares offer an expected return through dividends and a redemption value at maturity. Their cost is essential for assessing the overall expense of capital financing for companies. The cost of redeemable preference shares (Kp) is calculated with Kp = PD + (RV - NP) / n / ((RV + NP) / 2), where RV is redemption value, NP is net proceeds, and n is the remaining life of shares. Importance in Financial Decision Making Future Trends in Preference Capital Financing Summary of Key Points Preference shares are crucial in corporate financing, providing fixed dividends and priority over equity dividends. The cost of irredeemable and redeemable preference shares influences a company’s overall cost of capital and strategic financial planning. Understanding the cost of capital, particularly preference shares, enables firms to evaluate investment projects accurately. It impacts decision-making regarding financing strategies, capital structure, and overall financial health. The trend towards hybrid financing structures includes increasing reliance on preference shares. Advances in finance technology may streamline the issuance and management of these securities, responding to market demands for flexibility and lower costs. Understanding Cost of Capital A Comprehensive Analysis of Preference Shares

Cost of capital

Transcript: Cost of preference shares Remember when we did basic valuations we considered the risk intrinsic to the investment when deciding on a discount factor. The same must be done when using WACC to value projects or companies. Wacc is a function of the investment being valued not of the investor. As such it must reflect the risks specific to the investment being valued. Where the risks of a project is different to the risk profile of a company (which is embodied in the WACC), the WACC must be adjusted. Step 4: Calculate WACC THE FORMULA Formula: Ks= (D1 / P0) + g WACC = {Kd x (D/V)} + {Ke (E/V)} + {Kp (P/V)} 3. What are the principles that apply? The following order of preference: Target capital structure Market values of current financing Book values What is the market value of the debentures? R100 per debenture. Why? What is the interest payment per debenture? R10 What is the proceeds per debenture? R100 x 98% = R98 Effective cost of debenture R10/98 = 10.24% Formula: Dp / Vp (1 - F) Where Dp: Expected dividend payable Vp: Market value of preference share F: Flotation costs the market value of ordinary shares is representative of: Ordinary share capital, share premium, reserves and retained income on the statement of financial position. Cost of equity: Ks = (D1 / P0) + g = (2.02/ R20) + 0.12 = 22.08% COST OF CAPITAL An example of flotation costs: Company A is in the process of issuing a 1 000 R100 non-redeemable debentures. The coupon rate is the same as the market rate at 10%. Flotation costs (cost of issue) is estimated to be 2% of face value. Cost of equity COMPREHENSIVE EXAMPLE WACC (Pty) Ltd has the following capital structure, based on market values, as at 31 December 2011: R (millions) Ordinary Shareholders’ Equity 45 Preference Shareholders’ Equity 15 Debt (Debentures R15m and Loan R25m) 40 Total 100 The dividend rate on the current preference shares in the balance sheet is 10%. The interest rate paid to the lender on the current loan in the balance sheet is 11%. WACC (Pty) Ltd would like to target the following capital structure in the future: % Ordinary Shareholders’ Equity 50% Preference Shareholders’ Equity 10% Debt 40% Total 100% The 2011 year earnings after tax are R5m. The current share price is R20, dividend per share is R1.80. The company expects a sustainable growth rate of 12%. New share issues will cost the company 50c per share. Preference shares can be issued at 9% which represents the current market rate. The shares will be non-redeemable and will be issued at a price of R5. Flotation costs will amount to R0.25 per share. A R2m loan can be raised at a before-tax cost of 12%. A further R1m loan can be raised at 13% (before tax). Thereafter, further loan finance will attract a before-tax cost of 16%. Debentures were issued a year ago at a rate of 8.5%. New debentures can be issued at 11% and flotation costs are neligible. A company tax rate of 28% applies. Formula: Kd = I (1 - t) Use marginal cost Consider the effect of corporate tax Use nominal rate Cost of new debt The company has projects that it wishes to undertake next year with the following internal rates of return and investment amounts: IRR Project amount Project A 9% R3 m Project B 10.5% R2 m Project C 14% R1.5 m Project D 11% R2.5 m The above projects are indivisible. Remember that we are looking at components which are considered to be costs to the company. As such we must consider whether the costs are also tax deductible. If the costs are tax deductible then it will decrease taxible income and the tax expense. This in effect lowers the real cost to the company. SARS is subsidising some of the financing. Furthermore, we are also using after-tax cash flows, and it is appropriate to then use an after-tax discount rate. Where D1: Expected dividend payable P0: Market value of preference share g: growth Cost of equity Marginal cost is the cost of future financing (the next issue) In order to calculate marginal cost one would consider market values of the instrument, as these represent what instruments can be issued at in the future. Flotation costs must be consider as this in affect increases cost compared to proceeds Ordinary equity Preference shares Debentures Loan Cost of new share issue Formula: Kr = (D1 / P0(1-F)) + g DIVIDEND GROWTH MODEL Return: What is this? Lenders: Interest on amount lent to company Preference shareholders: Dividends as per terms of agreement Ordinary shareholders: Dividends and growth Other: Cost as per terms of agreement Remember that a return to these investors represents a cost to the company 2. What are the principles to remember? 4. What are the principles that apply? Pooling of funds approach. What is this? This was given in the question Ordinary Shareholders’ Equity 50% Preference Shareholders’ Equity 10% Debt (debentures 15%, loan 25%) 40% Remember that creating value for shareholders is the financial manager's primary objective Cost of debt: Debentures: Kd = I ( 1 - t) = 11 (1 - 0.28) = 7.92%

cost of capital

Transcript: Background Common stock (Brigham and Houston, 2009) Debt Common stock 1. Market Interest Rate 2. What is the cost of debt? Interest expense is tax deductible = (1 – 0.4)*10% = 6.00% (after tax costs) Cost of Capital Formula for WACC Introduction Firms cannot control Interest rates in the economy The general level of stock prices Tax rates Firm can control Capital structure Dividend payout ratio Capital budgeting decision rules “Broadly speaking, a company's assets are financed by either debt or equity. WACC is the average of the costs of these sources of financing, each of which is weighted by its respective use in the given situation. By taking a weighted average, we can see how much interest the company has to pay for every dollar it finances.” You are an assistant to the VP of Finance at Coleman Technologies. In order to assess the company’s expansion strategy your task is to estimate Coleman’s cost of capital: Alfred Fraser, Douglas Ebanks where: D =preferred dividend P =dividend by the current price of the preferred stock Overall WACC Flotation s What goes into WACC calculations? P/S 9% > 6% Debt If the tax rate = 40% Then, Where: T = the firm’s marginal tax rate rd = interest rate on the firm’s new debt ( = before-tax component cost of debt ) rp = component cost of preferred stock rs = component cost of common equity raised by retaining earnings wd, wp, wc = target weights of three types of capital Debt Preferred stock Retained earnings Common stock Thank you Preferred issue is a perpetual Preferred dividends are not tax deductible, so no adjustment is needed Use nominal rates to be consistent Consistent approach for all calculations (NPV, DCF) p 4. Implied cost of equity capital Cash flows and rate of return calculations should be done on a after-tax basis. Cost of debt (interest expense) is tax deductible, therefore multiplied with (1 – tax rate). Only current, marginal costs are used for WACC calculations, not historical costs. 10% x (1-40%) = 6.00% Outline Preferred stock Definition of Flotation costs Investment bankers’ fees Not an issue, BUT substantial Approaches Factors that affect the WACC If the following conditions are met: The project can match the average risk/return profile The previous projects are sufficiently large 2 r = Bond yield + Risk premium = 10.0% + 4.0%=14.0% However, the coincidence is extremely small. Preferred stock s 2. Bond-Yield-plus-Risk-Premium approach Background Components of the WACC WACC = APPROPRIATE DISCOUNT RATE Background 3. Overall WACC Group 11 After tax adjustment Common stock Retained earnings Can WACC be used as a hurdle rate? Adjust the cost of capital Components Our 10% pre-tax estimate is the nominal cost of debt, EAR = 1.05 – 1.0 = 0.1025 = 10.25% Debt Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Bond-Yield-plus-Risk-Premium approach Discounted cash flow (DCF) approach Implied cost of equity capital Background Flotation Costs (Source: investopedia.com) Conclusion WACC could be used as a hurdle rate Reference For a closely held company(CAPM not applicable); this method is somewhat subjective “get us in the right ballpark” https://www.boundless.com/finance/textbooks/boundless-finance-textbook/introduction-to-the-cost-of-capital-10/valuing-different-costs-88/the-cost-of-new-common-stock-379-3902/ http://www.information-management.com/issues/2007_58/master_data_management_mdm_quality-10015358-1.html http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/finance-for-managers/s12-04-cost-of-common-stock.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average_cost_of_capital http://www.stockresearching.com/2013/11/23/google-inc-fundamental-analysis-wacc-cost-of-debt-and-cost-of-equity-goog/ http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_wacc.html Wang, P. (2013): Estimating Firm-Specific Implied Risk Premium Brigham, E. and Houston, J.(2010) Fundamentals of Financial Management (Custom Edition). South Western Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781408039137. Please note that this book is only available in the University bookshop. Approaches N = 30 (15x2, because we have semiannual payments) PMT = 60 (12% Coupon x 1000.00 FV, divided by 2 = 60) PV = - 1153.72 FV = 1000.00 YTM = 5.00002% x 2 (because of semiannual values) ≈ 10% p.a. p Overall WACC Common stock Common stock Debt The risk premium (r - long term bond yield) is typically between 3% and 5% Component cost of common equity 1. CAPM approach Any question? Definition of WACC Overall WACC Add flotation costs to a project’s cost P/S 9.00% < 10% Debt Flotation Flotation

cost of capital

Transcript: Dividend price plus growth approach: Average cost of capital is the weighted average cost of each component of capital employed by the company Introduction: 1- Cost of equity: Where: Kd= cost of debt capital T= tax rate R= debenture interest rate Historical and future cost: Importance to evolution of financial performance: Cost of capital is one of the important determine which affects the capital budgeting, capital structure and value of the firm. Cost of equity is the rate at which investors discount the expected dividends of the firm to determine its share value Future cost is the expected cost of financing in the proposed project ted Cost of equity can be calculated from the following approach: Dividend price(D/P) approach Dividend price plus growth (D/P + g) approach Earning price (E/P) approach Realized yield approach The cost of equity is calculated on the basis of the expected dividend rate per share plus growth in dividend . It can be measured with the help of the following formula Ke=D/Np + g The composite or combined cost of capital is the combination of all sources of capital . It is also called as overall cost of capital Classification of cost of capital: Importance to structure decision: Capital structure is the mix or proportion of the different kinds of long term securities. A firm uses particular type of sources if the cost of capital is suitable Computation of cost of capital: 1.Measurement of specific costs 2.Measurement of overall cost of capital Cost of debt is the after tax cost of long-term funds through borrowing Debt may be issued at par, at premium or at discount and also it may be perpetual or redeemable Historical cost is the cost which as already been incurred for financing a particular project. Where: Ke = cost of equity capital D = dividend per equity share Np = net proceeds of an equity share 2-Cost of debt: Importance to capital budgeting decision: According to net present value method, present value of cash inflow must be more than the present value of cash outflow Cost of capital is an integral part of investment decision as it used to measure the worth of investment proposal provided by the business concern. It is used as a discount rate in determining the present value of future cash flows associated with capital projects Meaning of cost of capital: Cost of capital is the rate of return that a firm must earn on its project investment to maintain its market value and attract funds Dividend price approach can be measured with the help of the following formula: Ke=D/Np Where : Ke = cost of equity capital D = dividend per equity share g= growth in expected dividend Np = net proceeds of an equity share Measurement of cost of capital: It refers to the cost of each specific sources of finance like: Cost of equity Cost of debt Cost of preference share Cost of retained earnings Explicit and implicit cost Average and marginal cost Historical and future cost Specific and combined cost Classification of cost of capital: specific cost of capital The cost of each sources of capital such as equity, debt, retained earnings and loans. Assumption of cost of capital: Cost of capital is based on certain assumption which are closely associated while calculating and measuring the cost of capital It is to be considered that there are three basic concepts: It is not a cost as such . it is merely a hurdle rate It is the minimum rate of return It consist of three important risks such as zero level, business risk and financial risk cost of capital can be measured with the help of the following equation: K=rj +b +f . “Cost of capital is the rate of return the firm required from investment in order to increase the value of the firm in the market place Importance of cost of capital: Average and marginal cost: Debt issued at par: Debt issued at par means, debt is issued at the face value of the debt. It may be calculated with the help of the following formula Kd= (1-t)R cost of capital Specific and combine cost: The cost of equity capital will be that rate of expected dividend which will maintain the present market price of equity shares. Explicit and implicit cost Average and marginal cost Historical and future cost Specific and combined cost Definition Explicit cost is the rate that firm pays to procure financing Implicit cost is the rate of return associated with the best investment opportunity for the firm and its shareholders that will be forgone if the projects presently under consideration by the firm were accepted. Marginal cost is the weighted average cost of new finance raised by the company. . Dividend price approach:

Cost of Capital

Transcript: Capital structure and Cost of Capital Out-of-pocket Costs The cost of capital is the cost of a company's funds (both debt and equity), or from an investor point of view It is the minimum return that investors expect for providing capital to the company Capital Structure Explicit cost The term ‘capital’ refers to any financial resources or assets owned by a business that are useful in further development and generating income. Implicit cost Implicit cost Interest on owner's capital, Salary to owner, rent of owner's building, etc The costs in which there is no cash outlay, is known as Implicit Cost Estimation of Cost Implied Objective Equity share Preference share Retained earning Borrowed capital Components of COC Capital structure consist of to words Capital and structure Mix-up of various sources of funds in desired proportion Company can raise their capital through owned or borrowed capital or both Cost of equity refers to a shareholder's required rate of return on an equity investment. It is the rate of return that could have been earned by putting the same money into a different investment with equal risk. Cost of Debt The costs which involve outflow of cash due to the use of factors of production is known as Explicit Cost. Components of capital structure Cost of Pref. Share capital (Kp) = amount of preference dividend/ Preference share capital Kp = D/P Cost of debt generally refers to the effective paid by a company on its debts. Cost of preference share capital is that part of cost of capital in which we calculate the amount which is payable to preference shareholders in the form of dividend with fixed rate. It will affect on capability to receive funds from this source. External Factors Market condition Cost of capital Government regulation Taxation Competition Types of COC An explicit cost is a direct payment made to others in the course of running a business, such as wage, rent and materials Kd = i(1-t)/P0 Kd = cost of debt (required rate of return) i = annual interest paid P0 = ex interest market value of debt t = corporation tax rate Cost Risk Control Flexibility Timing INTRODUCTION Subjective Aarti Ganesh Rashmi NIhal Aishwarya Nikita Priyanka Usama Arunkumar Factors influencing capital structure Meaning BASIS FOR COMPARISON Imputed Costs Principles of capital structure Example Types of COC Member Actual Occurrence Cost Of Preference Share Cost of Equity Cost of equity = Risk free rate of return + Beta × (market rate of return – risk free rate of return) Internal Factors Requirement of capital Size and nature of business Growth of business firms Trading on equity Future plan Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) An implicit cost is any cost that has already occurred but is not necessarily shown or reported as a separate expense. It represents an opportunity cost Cost of Equity Cost of Debt Cost Preference share capital Cost of Retained earning Alternatively Salaries, rent, advertisement, wages, etc Explicit cost Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is a calculation of a firm's cost of capital in which each category of capital is proportionately weighted Cost of Capital

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