Child Protection
Transcript: UNICEF uses the term ‘child protection’ to refer to preventing and responding to violence, exploitation and abuse against children Historical studies have shown that the boundaries of childhood have varied considerably and children have been perceived by society to have reached childhood at different ages in different periods of history. Social perceptions of who is a child, and how such decisions are constructed, change over time and are subject to a range of factors over and above the simple chronology of age in terms of time. Children were expected to reach physical autonomy by the age of five to seven and then to share in the work and play 'adults'. Aries (1962) has demonstrated that the idea of childhood did not exist in England in the Middle Ages. Economic forces and the need for children or young people to work in order to maintain both the family and and the national economy appear to be key influences in determining adult status. In the 18th century those who were too ill, old, destitute, or who were orphaned children were put into a local 'workhouse' or 'poorhouse'. Those able to work, but whose wages were too low to support their families, received 'relief in aid of wages' in the form of money, food and clothes. New legislation attempted to improve aspects of the Poor Law, but left everything to local initiative. From the late 18th century children formed a proportion of the population. Almost two out of five people by the mid-1820s. It was common for them to work to supplement family incomes. Orphans and abandoned children came under the care of the Poor Law, but were usually put into the care of employers who provided for them in return for their work. The youngest age a child can work part-time is 13, except children involved in areas like: - television - theatre - modelling Children working in these areas will need a performance license. Children can only start full-time work once they’ve reached the minimum school leaving age - they can then work up to a maximum of 40 hours a week. Once someone reaches 18, adult employment rights and rules then apply. Child Labor is common within third world countries in this day and age, however within the past it was common for children to be working by the age of 9 and it was a norm. until the world war and the human rights act took place children were not allowed to work at the age of 15 Children Act 2004 Background Following the death of eight-year old Victoria Climbié in 2000, the Government asked Lord Laming to conduct an inquiry (Laming, 2003) to help decide whether to introduce new legislation and guidance to improve the child protection system in England. The Government’s response was the Keeping children safe report (DfES, DH and Home Office, 2003) and the Every Child Matters green paper (DfES, 2003), which led to the Children Act 2004. Contents of the Act The Children Act 2004 does not replace or even amend much of the Children Act 1989. It covers England and Wales in separate sections. The Act: creates the post of Children's Commissioner for England places a duty on local authorities to appoint a director of children’s services and an elected lead member for children’s services, who is ultimately accountable for the delivery of services. The government published revised statutory guidance relating to the two posts in April 2012 (DfE, 2012) places a duty on local authorities and their partners (including the police, health service providers and the youth justice system) to co-operate in promoting the wellbeing of children and young people and to make arrangements to safeguard and promote the welfare of children puts the new Local Safeguarding Children Boards on a statutory footing (replacing the non-statutory Area Child Protection Committees) and gives them functions of investigation and review (section 14), which they use to review all child deaths in their area updates the legislation on physical punishment (section 58) by limiting the use of the defence of reasonable punishment so that it can no longer be used when people are charged with the offences against a child of wounding, actual or grievous bodily harm or cruelty. Therefore any injury sustained by a child which is serious enough to warrant a charge of assault occasioning actual bodily harm cannot be considered to be as the result of reasonable punishment. (DCSF, 2007). Child Abuse splits up into more categories. Child abuse To summarize it all up Cloke, C. and Naish, J.(1992) Key Issues in Child Protection. London: Longman Child Protection Physical Abuse Acknowledgment of children as individuals in their own right, and therefor with rights to dignity and respect, is a very new phenomenon. it could be argued that we ha In a case where Physical Child Abuse occurred and has had a fatal consequence are the cases of Victoria Climbie and Baby Peter. The United nations Children’s Fund (UniCeF) May 2006 Retrieved on 27/05/2014
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